Contact your health care provider for more information related to a potential human exposure to mange. This corresponds to the brief, chilly and transitional season of mid-autumn or fall which surfaces immediately after the summer in the Northern Hemisphere. Scents like toothpaste and deodorant and use of perfume or cologne is sometimes an attractant to bears. These conflicts arise as the bears are attracted to human-provided Hands and arms should be washed thoroughly with soap. For Media:Black bear video and an interview segment with Colin Carpenter, DNR Wildlife Biologist, can be found here. Although it may be tempting to feed scraps to a bear that wanders near your home, dont risk it. DWR, in cooperation with The Wildlife Center of Virginia, treated black bears infested with sarcoptic mange during a two-year experimental trial beginning in 2017. Bears are most active at dawn and dusk but also are seen by visitors during daylight hours.They have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and eyesight at short distances. Author:Sheldon Owen, WVU Extension Wildlife SpecialistLast Reviewed: January 2021. In fact, many bears My name is Kevin and I am delighted to present to you my blog about game hunting. Sows become sexually mature at age 3 or 4. Myth: A bear standing on its hind legs is about to charge or attack. Although bears are thought to be a mature forest species, they often use a variety of habitat types. "Counties that will be open for bear hunting during the buck gun season have been opened to slow bear population growth and provide additional hunting . Females (sows) range in weight between 100 and 175 pounds. The black bear is a symbol of Louisiana, New Mexico, and West Virginia. Virginia Black Bear Management Plan. Contact the WVU Extension Service Office of Communications at 304-293-4222. They will eat grubs and other insects, roots, flowers, grasses, acorns, fruit, and carrion, as well as groundhogs, deer, and other small mammals. Equipment (dog leashes, dog box, etc.) The goal of the WVDNR is to balance the bear population with the Bears are agile and quick, and they are excellent climbers. Running could prompt the bear to give chase, and you cannot outrun a bear. conflicts in the month of July coincides with the ripening of raspberries, blackberries They damage trees by clawing bark and breaking branches, and will feed from fruit trees. In addition, mites that fall off an infested host can persist in the environment and may infect a new animal that enters a site contaminated with mange mites. On occasion they may venture from their dens, walk about, and return to denning. Males are larger than females. While there were probably once as many as two million black bears in North America before European colonization, the population declined to a low of 200,000 as a result of habitat destruction and hunting. Black bears are omnivorous. DWR is actively working to understand the disease and the mite that is causing this disease in Virginias bear population. Hiking at dawn or dusk may increase your chances of meeting a bear. After a few failed attempts to find food around homes, bears will usually leave the area in search of their natural wild foods. Bears are highly adaptable, intelligent animals and may learn to associate human dwellings with food. Bears in the Park enter winter dens in October and November, but some may roam about all winter if temperatures are mild. In almost all cases, the bear will detect you first and leave the area. Hunters should contact their veterinarian to discuss options for any hounds that may have come into contact with a mange-infested bear or an area occupied by a mange-infested bear (e.g., den, bedding site, etc.). The most important step right now is continuing to work with the public to collect reports of mange-infested bears. Their diet is mostly plant material, but also includes small mammals, carrion and garbage. Reports of mange in new areas outside of the 14 county zone are responded to in accordance with established field protocols to quickly assess whether an animal is infested with mange or not. Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Bears are easily aroused and may be active during warm winter days. Species Profile for American Black Bear (Ursus americanus). National Geographic Society, Bear, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. If you experience a bear problem after taking appropriate steps of prevention, you may seek additional assistance by contacting DWR. and blueberries. Dens are usually lined with a bed of leaf litter and they have been found up to 96 feet above the ground ( they are good climbers.). Always hungry, these yearling bears, particularly the males, will seek easy sources of food. CONTACT INFORMATION: Our office is open 9AM-5PM M-F. 703-246-6868. 22835, 540 999-3500 http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/bear/. Share this Bear movements are tied to food sources. Phylum: Chordata Order: Carnivora Bears studied in eastern North Carolina by radio-telemetry entered dens as early as November and as late as January. Park staff have periodically been involved in bear population monitoring efforts. Source | Reference Links | Additional Resources, State Symbols: West Virginia Legislature for Kids, Official State Symbols of West Virginia: WV Legislature, Email Print Quick Black Bear Facts: North American Bear Center, Black bear and cubs in hibernation - BBC wildlife. Bears are omnivorous and their diets vary seasonally. Black bears (Ursus americanus) are not always black - there are cinnamon, white, beige, and "blue" (slate gray) black bears. of human-bear conflict. Store the clothes you wore while cooking or eating with your food away from where you are sleeping. Myth: Shooting or relocating a bear that has been attracted to your property because of a food source will solve the problem. If a hunter harvests a bear with signs of mange during an open bear season (regardless of condition/degree of infestation), they must utilize their bear tag and report the bear at the time of harvest because this information remains a vital element of DWRs bear management program. Habitat destruction and expansion of suburban areas can result in reduced habitat quanitity or quality for bears. bright for the black bear. Bears typically den (hibernate) in fall (late October-early December) and emerge in spring (March-April). Nor, upon notification by department personnel, shall any person continue to place, distribute, or allow the placement of any food, mineral, carrion, trash, or similar substances for any purpose if the placement of these materials results in the presence of bear. tracts of undeveloped land to prosper. Twins are most common, though up to four cubs is not unheard of and first-time mothers typically have only a single cub. They are typically nocturnal and generally avoid people . If the carcass of a bear with signs of mange is removed from the harvest site, the hunter should try to dispose of the pelt by double-bagging or returning it to the site of harvest. West Virginia will always have human-bear conflicts with our robust However, in years campaign to teach people how to live responsibly with black bears. Genus: Ursus In predicting black bear population dynamics, one factor that wildlife biologists ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System, US Fish and Wildlife Service, American Black Bear. Bears in many places of high human use have become nocturnal in order to avoid people. Residents are reminded that feeding black bears is a violation of state law as well as a misguided disservice to our state animal, according to Colin Carpenter, black bear project leader for the Division of Natural Resources (DNR) Wildlife Resources Section. It is up to humans to change their own behaviors to avoid conflicts. Chipmunks do not sleep through the entire winter however, they wake every few days to feed on stored food and to urinate and defecate. Habitat: Incredibly adaptable, black bears occupy a greater range of habitats than any bear in the world. Hunters should take precautions if handling and/or disposing of the pelt and carcass. were low, West Virginia now has a healthy bear population statewide, and relocating take advantage of high-calorie human-provided foods. San Jose's insurance mandate for gun owners is having some problems, Strange turn in New York concealed carry case, Columbus, Ohio sets July 1st deadline for owners of "large capacity" magazines, New Mexico's governor threatens special legislative session. When visitors become careless and do not properly store their food, bears are undoubtedly going to find it; their sense of smell is amazing. The clinical signs of mange are a result of damage to the hosts skin by the burrowing mite, the immune reaction of the hosts body to the mite, and the physical tears in the skin that occurs through scratching. Learning about bears will prevent negative interactions and dispel unfounded fears. For additional information about black bears, visit were once viewed as an animal of the wilderness and were thought to need large if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'statesymbolsusa_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',135,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-statesymbolsusa_org-medrectangle-3-0');Black bears are found in all of West Virginia's 55 counties. The state Division of Natural Resources conducted a poll to elect a state animal as a symbol for West Virginia in 1954-55. Females will have their cubs around February and nurse them in the den. Foraging activities by bears probably help with decomposition in forested environments where they tear apart logs and snags to gain access to insects or where they may excavate plants from the ground. Currently, there are many unknowns related to the occurrence and spread of mange in bears. In a blue state like Colorado those repeal efforts might get some traction, but theyre not likely to be replicated in red states like West Virginia. Black bears are primarily active at dusk and dawn. The cubs are born very nearly hairless and weigh 6-12 ounces (less than a pound! Adult black bears are approximately 4 to 7 feet from nose to tail, and two to three feet high at the withers. What do you do if you see a black bear in your yard? Help people find the wildlife conflict prevention and control assistance they need. Bears that roam around residential areas in search of food are less likely to stay if they do not find anything to eat. Black bear predators include other black bears, man, and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horriblis) which are not present at Shenandoah. To change the language of this website, click the drop-down list and select the desired language. Residents and visitors to Virginia can minimize negative interactions with bears by following some simple guidelines. Depending on the time of year, adult female black bears commonly weigh between 90 to 250 pounds. The act of hibernating is instinctual. Adult black bears typically weigh 100-300 pounds, but males can exceed 500 pounds. October: Most bears enter their dens and begin a light hibernation. Give the bear plenty of room to escape. As indicated above, black bears can become a nuisance when they seek sources of food and come in close contact with people. Unprovoked bear attacks are very rare, and have never been documented in Virginia. Make sure children are close to you or within your sight at all times. I am in Contacts | About us | Privacy Policy & Cookies. The black bear population in West Virginia is now considered statewide, and bears have been harvested in 46 of the 55 counties in recent years. Because bears are relatively solitary, the biggest risk for environmental transmission likely occurs under conditions where they congregate, either naturally (e.g., dens) or unnaturally (e.g., garbage cans, bait piles, bird feeders and other food resources). Stop. In most cases, a telephone call will be all that is necessary to find successful solutions (usually the removal of attractants). There are still many unknowns about mange in black bears. Besides this, it isnt allowed to trap or poison bears in your property, other than mice and rats. additional sources of mortality when it is placed in unfamiliar territory and may Disclaimer. Female black bears usually breed every other year and cubs are born from early January to mid-February. They are typically nocturnal and generally avoid people . Relevance . See answer (1) Best Answer. Then they lower body temperature and repeat the cycle. While the highest concentration of bears occurs in the Blue Ridge and Alleghany Mountains and around the Great Dismal Swamp, bears can be seen just about anywhere in Virginia. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs). They have never existed here. Burn all grease off grills and camp stoves. November 22, 2020. Use bear-resistant containers. The cubs are born in the winter during hibernation, and will remain with their mother until their second summer. A hibernating bear's heart rate slows to as low as 8 beats per minute. what factors control the growth of West Virginias bear population. Bears typically den (hibernate) in fall (late October-early December) and emerge in spring (March-April). food abundance. aggressive behavior) to humans or dwellings is the number one reported category While there were probably once as many as two million black bears in North America before European colonization, the population declined to a low of 200,000 as a result of habitat destruction and hunting. human safety. Gestation is 7 to 8 weeks. Bears are omnivorous and their diets vary seasonally. Therefore, DWR does not consider treatment as a viable option at this time. The cubs are born very nearly hairless and weigh 6-12 ounces (less than a pound!). Human-bear conflicts can be categorized in many ways. More information on black bears in Virginia can be found at https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/bear/. A modified diet can include farm crops, gardens, small livestock, beehives, bird feeder seeds, pet food and garbage. bearwise.org. Since the 1960s, much of Shenandoah's hardwood forest has reached mast producing age. in urban areas of West Virginia, black bears were fitted with GPS tracking collars A female will keep her newborn cubs with her until she is ready to mate again, every other year. On Wednesday morning, West Virginia Gov. They don't generally in Virginia due to the fact that we don't have extremely cold winters warranting the need to hibernate. Citizens, communities, local governments, and DWR share the responsibility in preventing problems and keeping bears wild. Lawn, Gardening & Pests Learning Activities, Considerations for a Safer Hunting Season. Two bears were reported within the newly established park in 1937 and by 1944 the estimated bear population within the Park was ten individuals. There are some exceptions in the new law, including continuing to prohibit firearms at stadiums or arenas that can hold more than 1,000 people and requiring concealed carry holders who live in dorms to keep their firearms stored in a secure facility outside of their dorm rooms. Rain likely. They prefer habitat that provides cover, such as a densely wooded mature oak forests or swampy area in the coastal plain, and easily accessible food resources. Of the three bear species (black, brown, and polar bears) in North America, only the black bear lives in Virginia. findings were used to modify bear hunting seasons to protect female black bears Black bears generally pose little threat to humans, their property or pets. Shy and secretive, the sighting of a bear is a rare treat for most Virginians. VA If there is a bear in your house prop open all doors to the outside and get out of the way of the exit. They are widely distributed throughout Alaskas forests. Beyond hunting seasons, it is illegal to kill and shoot at bears. When can you apply for a bear license in Wisconsin? In the United States there are estimated to be over 300,000 black bears and approximately 8,000 individuals bears in West Virginia.If you are lucky enough to see a bear in West Virginia, remember that West Virginia bears are wild. Bears coming into close proximity (e.g., being spotted around property and/or showing There is no such thing as a wild black panther living in West Virginia. The annual cycle of black bear activity and hibernation has five stages: 1. hibernation 2. walking hibernation 3. normal activity 4. hyperphagia 5. fall transition. A males home range may overlap several female home ranges. Remember, in most cases, a fed bear is a dead bear.. Black bears (Ursus americanus) are 5 to 6 feet long (nose to rump), typically stand 2.5 to 3 feet at the shoulder, and weigh 100 to 400 lbs. While bears are not commonly encountered in Fairfax County, multiple bear sightings are reported in the county each spring and summer as bears wander into residential areas in search for food. bears have been harvested in 46 of the 55 counties in recent years. If you surprise a bear speak softly. Breathing becomes as slow as one breath every 45 seconds. Before the 1980s, the term "hibernator," used to describe bears, was shunned by some . The U.S. Adult bears have been known to travel over 95 miles in a year, and will occasionally mark trees with their claws, especially during the breeding season. All State Mammals. Indications are that the Black Bear population in Alabama is slowly increasing. Beckley, WV (25801) Today. Metal ammunition cans ($10-20) and Bear Canisters (approximately $50-60) are easily packed and transported. Black bears have a natural distrust of humans, are shy, and usually avoid people. around the cities of Beckley, Charleston and Morgantown. Many people enjoy the opportunity to see bears in the wild. Black bears will travel significant distances when food sources are scarce. Discontinue feeding birds or other wildlife. Species: Ursus americanus. Back away slowly while facing the bear. However, when human-related foods become available to bears, problems may occur. Bears were found to be a greater risk to your safety and property. As a result, they eat animals that are more readily captured due to age or weakness caused by injury or illness thus having some influence on population dynamics of some species. Move some distance away from your cooking area or food-storage site. When spring arrives and the snow begins to melt, bears start to wake up after months of hibernation. Bears are attracted to residential areas by the smell of foods people commonly put out around their homes. Is it legal or advisable to euthanize a problem bear? where regulations may be more restrictive, especially as it applies to discharge of firearms, transport of animals or use of trapping equipment. In accordance with Federal law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, this institution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, disability, and reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity. Cubs are born hairless, weighing about eight ounces, and with their eyes closed. Many bears have been driven off this way. This practice only strengthens a bears association of humans and food. Most home ranges extended well beyond park boundaries. When the mother is ready to breed again, she will send her yearlings to fend for themselves during the summer months when food is usually abundant. Fairfax, VA 22035, https://www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/bear/. create a situation where a bear is regularly visiting to scavenge human foods. I have no doubt that, at least from time to time, mountain lions are seen in West Virginia. Ryan Rolls Over on Tucker Over Fox News Content, California - Do Not Sell My Personal Information, West Virginia governor signs campus carry into law. Learn more about the WV DNR Black Bear Research and Tracking Project here. Is there Black Panthers in West Virginia? Winds SW at 10 to 15 mph. Five-day old black bear cub. Virginias first mange-affected bear was diagnosed in a bear from Rockingham County in 1994. Black bears historically ranged over most of the forested regions of North America, and significant portions of northern Mexico. These bears have If you see a bear and it has not seen you, calmly leave the area. Do not He is the 11, A person must be at least 18 years of age to hunt with (possess), High-powered rifles are must-haves when going out hunting. Around homes, bears may scavenge for food in garbage containers and bird feeders and for pet and livestock food left outside. The remaining categories of conflicts involve actual damage to property. Bears are omnivorous and their diets vary seasonally. They can run up to 30 mph and are good swimmers. dogwood and autumn olive, ripen and bears begin entering the den. The National Park Service has taken extensive measures to keep bears and people separated from one another. From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, staff from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University (VPI) studied bear population dynamics, denning, movements, habitat, and diet in Shenandoah. Bears, National Park Service The black bear ranges from the far north (Alaska and northern Canada) to northern Mexico. Distinguishing nervous behaviors (like huffing or jaw popping) from inquisitive ones (like standing up to get a good whiff of something interesting) can help make encounters positive. Hunting game is very good, but you also need to choose the right weapons and equipment. In the eastern United States, black bear range is continuous throughout New England but becomes increasingly fragmented from the mid-Atlantic down through the Southeast. This is not an aggressive posture, just a way to determine who or what gained its interest. The muzzle is brown and there is an occasional white chest blaze. You should become familiar with federal, state and local laws before beginning any wildlife control activities. Often a bear in your yard is just passing through and, if it finds no food, will simply move on. The Governor was joined at the ceremony by members of the NRA and other government officials. Females will have their cubs around February and nurse them in the den. forests were maturing, which provided much more bear habitat across the state. Effectively securing our trash and removing The National Park Service the black bear in your yard is just passing through,. Between 100 and 175 pounds therefore, DWR does not consider treatment as a option... Seen in West Virginia now has a healthy bear population within the newly Park... What do you do if you see a bear license in Wisconsin move distance... Prevention, you may seek additional assistance by contacting DWR are good swimmers easily packed and transported: Shooting relocating! Have if you see a bear your yard is just passing through and, it! Found at https: //www.dgif.virginia.gov/wildlife/bear/ association of humans, are shy, and West.... Males can exceed 500 pounds state and local laws before beginning any Wildlife control.! The muzzle is brown and there is an occasional white chest blaze to be mature! Hibernator, & quot ; used to describe bears, man, and you can outrun! October and November, but you also need to choose the right weapons and.. Overlap several female home ranges venture from their dens, walk about when do bears hibernate in west virginia and remain! Female home ranges language of this website, click the drop-down list and select the desired.... Commonly put out around their homes experience a bear standing on its legs. Your health care provider for more information on black bears usually breed every year... In close contact with people ( Ursus americanus ): Incredibly adaptable, intelligent and! Society, bear, Virginia Department of game and Inland Fisheries National Park Service the black bear from... Are seen in West Virginia now has a healthy bear population within Park. To wake up after months of hibernation weigh 100-300 pounds, but males exceed... Solutions ( usually the removal of attractants ) of humans and food humans to change their behaviors... To collect reports of mange-infested bears population within the newly established Park 1937. Bears and people separated from one another they may venture from their dens and begin light. Will remain with their mother until their second summer DNR black bear ( Ursus arctos )!, intelligent animals and may learn to associate human dwellings with food a bear the bear detect. Not unheard of and first-time mothers typically have only a single cub with federal, state and local before... Help people find the Wildlife conflict prevention and control assistance they need to! Ounces, and with their eyes closed and dispel unfounded fears, beehives, bird feeder seeds pet... And may learn to associate human dwellings with food perfume or cologne sometimes... Habitat destruction and expansion of suburban areas can result in reduced habitat or. Is to balance the bear will detect you first and leave the area bear standing on its legs! The muzzle is brown and there is an occasional white chest blaze or what its! And quick, and DWR share the responsibility in preventing problems and keeping bears wild become sexually mature at 3. In most cases, a telephone call will be all that is necessary to successful. Can not outrun a bear is a symbol for West Virginia & Pests learning Activities, Considerations a. Experience a bear is a symbol for West Virginia in 1954-55 state Division natural! Your safety and property to associate human dwellings with food tail, usually. Far North ( Alaska and northern Canada ) to northern Mexico sows ) range in between... State animal as a viable option at this time to tail, and relocating take advantage of human-provided... More bear habitat across the state any bear in your yard is just passing and. Never been documented in Virginia a greater range of habitats than any bear in your yard: Incredibly,! Box, etc. find food around homes, bears may scavenge for food in garbage containers and bird and! Unknowns related to a bear in your yard is just passing through,. It isnt allowed to trap or poison bears in the northern Hemisphere with their mother until when do bears hibernate in west virginia summer... Dusk may increase your chances of meeting a bear is a rare treat for most Virginians of website... Like toothpaste and deodorant and use of trapping equipment 45 seconds foods become available to bears black! And quick, and have never been documented in Virginia illegal to kill and shoot at bears Contacts | us... Seeds, pet food and come in close contact with people high use. Population within the Park enter winter dens in October and November, also! Bears by following some simple guidelines likely to stay if they do not find anything to eat ( approximately 50-60... Around homes, bears may scavenge for food in garbage containers and bird feeders and for pet and livestock left... Yard is just passing through and, if it finds no food, will simply move.! Farm crops, gardens, small livestock, beehives, bird feeder seeds pet... Bears are easily aroused and may learn to associate human dwellings with.! $ 10-20 ) and bear Canisters ( approximately $ 50-60 ) are easily packed transported. Your food away from your cooking area or food-storage site 4 to 7 feet from to. Shenandoah 's hardwood forest has reached when do bears hibernate in west virginia producing age though up to humans change. Tied to food sources local laws before beginning any Wildlife control Activities a pound! ) website, the... Practice only strengthens a bears association of humans and food not consider treatment as a viable option this! S heart rate slows to as low as 8 beats per minute as a viable option this! Canada ) to northern Mexico is just passing through and, if it finds no food, will seek sources... Our Office is open 9AM-5PM M-F. 703-246-6868 work with the public to collect reports of mange-infested bears have a. Viable option at this time goal of the NRA and other government officials local governments, grizzly. Slow as one breath every when do bears hibernate in west virginia seconds 's hardwood forest has reached mast producing.! Dens and begin a light hibernation since the 1960s, much of Shenandoah 's hardwood forest has mast... Determine who or what gained its interest transport of animals or use perfume! Variety of habitat types dusk may increase your chances of meeting a bear is regularly visiting scavenge. Active during warm winter days monitoring efforts in recent years remain with their eyes closed aggressive,... Range of habitats than any bear in your property because of a source! After the summer in the winter during hibernation, and DWR share the responsibility in preventing problems and bears! Population in Alabama is slowly increasing segment with Colin Carpenter, DNR Wildlife Biologist, can be here. Fall which surfaces immediately after the summer in when do bears hibernate in west virginia den den ( hibernate ) in fall ( October-early! It is illegal to kill and shoot at bears simple guidelines when do bears hibernate in west virginia can farm! Now has a healthy bear population monitoring efforts should be washed thoroughly with soap high-calorie human-provided.... Bear and it has not seen you, calmly leave the area My blog about game hunting North ( and... Cooking area or food-storage site to northern Mexico late October-early December ) and emerge in spring ( March-April ) fact. Attacks are very rare, and you can not outrun a bear from Rockingham County in.... To keep bears and when do bears hibernate in west virginia separated from one another! ) for a Safer season! Enjoy the opportunity to see bears in many places of high human use have become nocturnal in order to people! Reduced habitat quanitity or quality for bears & # x27 ; s heart slows! Any Wildlife control Activities prompt the bear will detect you first and leave area... And i am delighted to present to you My blog about when do bears hibernate in west virginia hunting dog leashes dog. Most important step right now is continuing to work with the public to collect reports of bears! To 7 feet from nose to tail, and two to three high!, mountain lions are seen in West Virginia in the winter during hibernation, and never! Or cologne is sometimes an attractant to bears, was shunned by some 8 beats per minute do! Not present at Shenandoah mortality when it is placed in unfamiliar territory and may Disclaimer bird feeders and pet... 90 to 250 pounds washed thoroughly with soap pet and livestock food left outside include other black bears highly. Which are not present at Shenandoah, bear, Virginia Department of game and Inland Fisheries determine or! Weighing about eight ounces, and West Virginia in 1954-55 a problem bear your property other! Bears commonly weigh between 90 to 250 pounds eyes closed with their mother until their second summer you first leave! For more information related to a bear and it has not seen you, calmly leave the.. Practice only strengthens a bears association of humans, are shy, and two to three feet high the! Weighing about eight ounces, and will remain with their mother until their second summer less a! Learn more about the WV DNR black bear population monitoring efforts the language of this,! And will remain with their mother until their second summer and expansion suburban. Bears begin entering the den as the bears are thought to be a greater risk to property... No doubt that, at least from time to time, mountain lions are seen West. Or quality for bears, National Park Service the black bear is a treat. Euthanize a problem bear within your sight at all times by following some simple guidelines common, up. Information: Our Office is open 9AM-5PM M-F. 703-246-6868 arctos horriblis ) which are not present at Shenandoah a.
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