2010 Mar 18;5(3):e9756. ... Cocklebur, Hepatotoxicity, Xanthium spp. ... Spiny cocklebur is adapted to a variety of climates, hence its wide distribution. gastroenteritis discoloration and mottling of liver and kidney cherry red discoloration to viscera. Usually large quantities are required to cause problems but some are deadly with just a few mouthfuls. Cases of cocklebur poisoning have been reported from cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry. The seeds are also known to contain the toxin, but it has long been assumed that the spiny capsule would deter their consumption. This site uses cookies. Login failed. I have read and accept the terms and conditions, View permissions information for this article. Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a coarse, erect, annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae (Sunflower) family. Special Notes Cattle, sheep, horses nightshade Toxic Principle Steroidal alkaloids such as solanine have atropine-like effects on the nervous system inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Publisher: Sage. Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. clinical signs of cocklebur toxicity in cattle. Cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) The largest number of submissions was for cattle, followed by horses, pigs, goats, and sheep. Symptoms usually occur within a few hours, producin… Prominent gross lesions were ascites and a firm, pale liver with a mottled hemorrhagic pattern on cut surface. Nightshades may also accumulate toxic levels of nitrate. Samples of rumen contents, urine, and burs contained 100-200 ppm, 0.1-0.05 ppm, and 0.1 ppm, respectively. are herbaceous annuals with worldwide distribution. The cocklebur plant is a coarse herbaceous annual about 3 feet high. Clinical signs ranged from acute death to hyperexcitability, blindness, tense musculature, and spastic gaits with heads held high and ears erect. Only the seeds in the burs and young seedlings (cotyledonary leaves) contain the toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside. are common weeds throughout North America with the capability of causing acute liver failure in pigs, cattle, sheep, poultry, and occasionally horses.  |  Description A hairless, spineless, erect, or trailing, branched annual plant with … Cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Cocklebur Toxicosis in Cattle Associated with the Consumption of Mature, https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879000200402, Arsenic and Metaldehyde Toxicosis in a Beef Herd. J Anim Sci. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. By continuing to browse Cocklebur poisons all classes of livestock. Note: There is a difference between "toxic" and "poisonous." The seeds and cotyledonary seedlings are poisonous. Why Is It a Noxious Weed? Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. Xanthium strumarium) intoxication in swine: review and redefinition of the toxic principle. Fan W, Fan L, Peng C, Zhang Q, Wang L, Li L, Wang J, Zhang D, Peng W, Wu C. Molecules. The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Home Page; Search Database; Find:-by botanical name-by common name; Scientific & Common Name Equivalents; Toxic Agents; Commonly Affected Species; FAQs; Other Sites; If you receive a message saying "no rows found", it means that the plant you are searching for is not in our database. 1). The common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) is a native of North America. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Some nightshades also contain irritants such as saponins that cause salivation and diarrhea. The toxic principle is an unidentified phototoxin. The seeds and the cotyledonous seedlings contain the toxin. Some symptomatic calves would stumble, fall to lateral recumbency, convulse, and later recover. Intoxication by Xanthium is a major problem worldwide. The toxic substance in the seeds is carboxyatractyloside, a glycoside causing hypoglycemia and massive liver damage. Overall, the herd was very uneasy. Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium, L. var. It has become an invasive species worldwide. Acute, diffuse centrolobular and paracentral coagulative liver necrosis is typical. Manu M. Sebastian, in Veterinary Toxicology, 2007. Common names include ditch bur, sheep bur, bur thistle, and abrojo.  |  Cocklebur (Xanthium spp.) The dose, as always, determines if a plant is safe source of nutrients or a toxic hazard. Click the button below for the full-text content, 24 hours online access to download content. Some society journals require you to create a personal profile, then activate your society account, You are adding the following journals to your email alerts, Did you struggle to get access to this article? ... near ponds and in the woods although some (such as cocklebur, horsenettle and pigweed) are found in … This site needs JavaScript to work properly. history clinical signs severe hypoglycemia elevated liver enzymes decreased electrolytes pathology histopath. Cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) The plant invades farmlands and can be poisonous to domestic animals and humans. NIH doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009756. 2007 Jul;85(7):261-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2007.00168.x. Analytical confirmation of Xanthium strumarium poisoning in cattle. Glycoside poisoning from nightshades and cocklebur; Photosensitive skin reactions from buckwheat and St. Johnswort; Cicutoxin poisoning caused by spotted water hemlock; Alkaloid poisoning from poison hemlock; ... Cattle, sheep, and horses are commonly observed grazing in pastures where mature hoary alyssum remains untouched, while other available forage species have been overgrazed. 2014 Sep;26(5):640-5. doi: 10.1177/1040638714542867. For more information view the SAGE Journals Article Sharing page. Multiple episodes of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) intoxication in a California calf-raising ... Outbreak of botulism type A in dairy cows detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Toxic Agent. Many common weeds in Ontario can poison livestock. Samples of rumen contents, urine, and burs contained 100–200 ppm, 0.1–0.05 ppm, and 0.1 ppm, respectively. blindness hypersensitivity. Toxicosis in dairy cattle exposed to poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) in hay: isolation of Conium alkaloids in plants, hay, and urine. The mature plant is reported as non-toxic (1), although toxicosis has been reported in cattle which had ingested mature plants with burs (9) despite the general belief that ingestion of burs should be limited by mechanical injury during mastication. The OMAFRA Factsheet "Poisoning of Livestock by Plants", Agdex 130/643, reviews the types of poisoning which can occur and the effects on animal health and production. Based on the history, clinical signs, pathological lesions, and chemical analyses, cocklebur toxicosis associated with consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium in hay was confirmed. This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. A review of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) poisoning in cattle. Only the seeds in the burs and young seedlings (cotyledonary leaves) contain the toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside. Brain lesions were present. Poisons are typically ingested, whereas venoms are injected, such as a snake's venom being injected with their teeth. Cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) HHS 2019 Jan 19;24(2):359. doi: 10.3390/molecules24020359. Leucaena toxicosis and its control in ruminants. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. Agrostemma githago: ... Several … Epub 2014 Jul 10. are herbaceous annuals with worldwide distribution. Toxicity associated with noninfectious agalactia (cattle, rabbits, goats), pulmonary congestion, cardiac arrhythmia, submandibular edema, acute death (rabbits, caged birds, goats), respiratory distress, … Six of 70 yearling calves died while being fed round bale hay composed predominately of foxtail and mature cocklebur plants with burs. If you have access to a journal via a society or association membership, please browse to your society journal, select an article to view, and follow the instructions in this box. The most commonly diagnosed cause of plant poisoning is ornamental oleander, a nonnative species (fig. Aust Vet J. Its spiny burrs can become tangled in the hide of cattle and horses and in the wool of sheep. Six of 70 yearling calves died while being fed round bale hay composed predominantly of foxtail and mature cocklebur plants with burs. Synonym(s) There are three species of cocklebur: Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium spinosum, and Xanthium ambrosioides. The toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside, is present in the seeds and young seedlings of the plant, especially during the cotyledonary (“two-leaf”) stage of growth. Overview Information Siberian cocklebur is a spring weed that grows in parts of Asia, Europe, and North America. NLM histopathology of cocklebur toxicity. 1992 Jan;4(1):60-4. doi: 10.1177/104063879200400113. Toxicoses are usually associated with the consumption of the seedlings in the cotyledon stage, which contain a high concentration of the toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside. They have erect, stout stems and spreading branches that are angled and often red-spotted. Some domestic animals will avoid consuming the plant if other forage is present, but less discriminating animals, such as pigs, will consume the plants and then sicken and die. When mature, this robust, annual weed bears numerous oval, brownish, spiny burs. calves were found down and … Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Xanthium sibiricum provides us... Cole, RI, Stuart, BP, Lansden, JA, Cox, RH: Craig, JC, Mole, ML, Billets, S, El-Feraly, F: Hatch, RC, Jain, AV, Weiss, R, Clark, JD: View or download all content the institution has subscribed to. J Vet Diagn Invest. Clinical signs ranged from acute death to hyperexcitability, blindness, tense musculature, and spastic gaits with heads held high and ears erect. Toxicoses are usually associated with the consumption of the seedlings in the cotyledon stage, which contain a high concentration of the toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside. Ingestion of young seedlings in the amount of 0.75% of the animal's weight may result … This guide would not be possible without Mitsuko Williams' Plants Toxic to Animals database. Drought and Feed Poisoning in Dairy Cattle; Drought Related Livestock Poisoning by Weeds ; Livestock Water Requirements (AS1763) Testing Livestock Water Quality Critical During Drought; Livestock Water Testing Guidelines; ... Cocklebur occurs mainly around water and on flood plains, and is most common is the southeastern part of North Dakota. Milk sickness is caused by drinking milk from cattle that have eaten white snakeroot, which can sicken or kill humans. You can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same time. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click on download. The toxicity of monensin for cattle and other species is well documented and is known to be dose depend-ant.31 Ionophore toxicosis is usually the result of ac-cidental contamination of feed and feed supplements or errors in feed mixing.4,23 The monensin LD 50 for cattle ranges from 21.9 to 50–80 mg/kg of body Gurley ES, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Nahar N, Faiz MA, Islam N, Sultana R, Khatun S, Uddin MZ, Haider MS, Islam MS, Ahmed BN, Rahman MW, Mondal UK, Luby SP. The e-mail addresses that you supply to use this service will not be used for any other purpose without your consent. When mature, this robust, annual weed bears numerous oval, brownish, spiny burs. Oesophageal obstruction in pheasants caused by seed-heads of cockleburs, Xanthium spp, Isolation and redefinition of the toxic agent from cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), Isolation and identification of the hypoglycemic agent, carboxyatractylate, from Xanthium strumarium, Carboxyatractyloside- a compound from Xanthium strumarium and Atractylis gummifera with plant growth inhibiting properties-the probable inhibitor, Toxicological study of carboxyatractyloside (active principle in cocklebur-Xanthium strumarium) in rats treated with enzyme inducers and inhibitors and glutathione precursor and depletor, Isolation and characterization of a hypoglycemic agent from Xanthium strumarium, A phytochemical study of Xanthium canadense, Effects of carboxyatractyloside, a structural analogue of atractyloside, on mitochondrial oxidation phosphorylation, Cockleburs (species of Xanthium) as poisonous plants, Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L. var. HIGHLY TOXIC Cocklebur seed pods Cocklebur seedling Highly Toxic. Although livestock generally do not eat the seeds, problems can occur when cattle are fed whole cottonseed or hay contaminated with cocklebur. Six of 70 yearling calves died while being fed round bale hay composed predominately of foxtail and mature cocklebur plants with burs. are herbaceous annuals with worldwide distribution. strumarium) intoxication in swine: Review and redefinition of the toxic principle. Diagnosis Elevated liver enzymes, severe hypoglycemia, granular casts in the urine. (s.l.) Members of _ can log in with their society credentials below, Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Scott T. Witte, Gary D. Osweiler, Henry M. Stahr, and Greg Mobley. Vet Pathol. Access to society journal content varies across our titles. Botha CJ, Lessing D, Rösemann M, van Wilpe E, Williams JH. Please read and accept the terms and conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link. View or download all the content the society has access to. SWEETCLOVER – This legume is not a problem while green and growing but becomes toxic when damaged or spoiled, in hay or silage. Clinical signs ranged from acute death to hyperexcitability, blindness, tense musculature, and spastic gaits with heads held high and ears erect. Each entry … DOI identifier: … Histological examination of the liver revealed marked centrolobular degeneration and necrosis with associated hemorrhage and congestion. The seedlings and seeds are the most toxic parts of the plants. Plant and tissue samples were analyzed for carboxyatractyloside with various results. Structure of Guide Plants will be listed alphabetically in the Plant Names: Common and Plant Names: Scientific tabs. It invades agricultural lands and can be poisonous to livestock, including horses, cattle, and sheep. Responsible toxin a monoglyceride. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Severe hypoglcemia is a common finding in acute cocklebur poisoning. However, if cattle have access to areas where toxic weeds predominate and little else to consume, the potential exists to eat enough of one particular plant to result in illness or death. Coffee Senna Poisoning in Cattle By Travis Mays, Analytical Chemistry Section Head. This Factsheet identifies these weeds and describes the symptoms of poisoning. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN EXTENSION (A1111)--PAGE 15 Jimsonweed Datura spp. Some symptomatic calves would stumble, fall to lateral recumbency, convulse, and later recover. It can provide competition for summer crops and is a nuisance to pickers in hand-harvested crops. Sneezeweed: Sneezeweed is a leafy perennial plant which … Otherwise, you may click … When mature, this robust, annual weed bears numerous oval, brownish, spiny burs. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. L. To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access. 1981 May;18(3):368-83. doi: 10.1177/030098588101800310. Please check you selected the correct society from the list and entered the user name and password you use to log in to your society website. Histological examination of the liver revealed marked centrolobular degeneration and necrosis with associated hemorrhage and congestion. Is this Weed Toxic? Poisoning from cultivated potatoes occurs very rarely, however, as toxic compounds in the potato plant are generally concentrated in the green portions of the plant and in the fruits, and cultivated varieties contain smaller concentrations than wild plants. Cocklebur toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium. The toxic principle of X. strumarium is a sulfated glycoside, carboxyatractyloside, found in the seeds and the two-leaf seedling stage (1,4,8). It is found in a wide … Copper toxicosis is seen in sheep and young calves after excess dietary intake of copper and in young goat kids fed calf milk replacer containing copper. In the Frankfort district of the … Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. Toxicoses are usually associated with the consumption of the seedlings in the cotyledon stage, which contain a high concentration of the toxic principle, carboxyatractyloside. Pollen morphology of Lupine is more deadly to sheep than cattle, but if pregnant cows eat it between 40 and 70 days of pregnancy they may give birth to malformed calves with crooked legs, twisted spine, cleft palate or other abnormalities. Pigs are most frequently affected. Approximately 200 head of cattle were grazing on improved native Bermuda grass pastures in the Colorado River bottom. Two 400 to 500 lb. In some field … Xanthium strumarium, commonly referred to as "cocklebur," rarely causes poisoning in cattle. Prominent gross lesions were ascites and a firm, pale liver with a mottled hemorrhagic pattern on cut surface. 1995 May;73(5):1487-92. doi: 10.2527/1995.7351487x.  |  Clinical signs: Consumption of as little as 0.75% of body weight of cotyledonary portions can cause death, with clinical signs occurring a few hours post cocklebur sprout or seed ingestion.The most commonly reported clinical signs of cocklebur intoxication in pigs and cattle include depression, weakness, anorexia, reluctance to move, opisthotonus, ataxia, hyperexcitability,spasmodic muscular activity, and an … Acute hepatitis as indicated by marked elevation of serum liver enzymes. The glycoside carboxyatractyloside is the toxic principle of Xanthium spp. The rumen contained numerous intact burs and well-ruminated grass. During this stage of growth, cocklebur contains higher levels of toxins, and is also more attractive to The rumen contained numerous intact burs and well-ruminated grass. PLoS One. Poisoning also affects cattle, sheep, horses, and fowl. www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/dairy/facts/87-016.htm Plant and tissue samples were analyzed for carboxyatractyloside with various results. Analytical confirmation of Xanthium strumarium poisoning in cattle. Fatal outbreak from consuming Xanthium strumarium seedlings during time of food scarcity in northeastern Bangladesh. Pigs and cattle are more commonly affected but the disease is also occasionally mentioned in sheep, and rarely in horses. Cockleburs (Xanthium spp.) Xanthium strumarium, commonly referred to as “cocklebur,” rarely causes poisoning in cattle. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! J Vet Diagn Invest. The seeds are also known to contain the toxin, but it has long been assumed that the spiny capsule would deter their consumption. Acute copper toxicosis with severe hepatic necrosis and death may be seen in cattle 1–4 days after injection of copper salt. All above-ground parts (leaves in particular) reported toxic to cattle, horses, goats, rabbits, canaries, ostriches, and fish. gross pathology of cocklebur toxicity. Brain lesions were present. diagnosis of cocklebur toxicity. are widely distributed in the midwestern US and grow as weeds in fencerows, ditches, and low or marshy areas. MU Extension Guidesheet G-4970, Plants Poisonous to Livestock, lists, describes and illustrates the most common toxic weeds along with symptoms to look for in suspected cases of livestock poisoning. toxins Atropine, scopolamine species Cattle, pigs, sheep, horses habitat Barnyards, feeding areas and corrals, cultivated fields, sandy pastureland symptoms Decreased respiratory and heart rate, muscle weakness, dilated pupils amount necessary … ... Xanthium strumarium, commonly referred to as “cocklebur,” rarely causes poisoning in cattle. CAHFS veterinary toxicologists have diagnosed plants as the cause of toxicosis in more than 600 submitted cases, most of these in livestock. Sharing links are not available for this article. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. : humans, livestock. Oil found in fruits used for cosmetic purposes. Lean Library can solve it. Year: 2014. Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of. Photosensitivity has been reported in horses, sheep, cattle, and pigs. USA.gov. All parts of cocklebur are toxic to livestock, however horses are at greatest risk of poisoning when the plant is first emerging, during the early seedling stage. The plant is most hazardous at the seedling stage because of its toxicity as well as palatability. the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Based on the history, clinical signs, pathological lesions, and chemical analyses, cocklebur toxicosis associated with consumption of mature Xanthium strumarium in hay was confirmed. Overall, the herd was very uneasy. Vegetation also included a large number of oak trees, and a low number of nightshade, cocklebur, and coffee senna plants. Login. Toxicology of livestock, including horses, cattle, sheep, horses toxic. Veterinary Toxicology, 2007 carboxyatractyloside, a glycoside causing hypoglycemia and massive liver.! Rarely in horses below and click on download, a nonnative species ( fig milk is... Guide plants will be listed alphabetically in the Frankfort district of the toxic,... The spiny capsule would deter their consumption githago:... Several … (! The button below for the full-text content, 24 hours online access to and other... Plants will be listed alphabetically in the burs and well-ruminated grass hypoglycemia, granular in! Cocklebur: Xanthium strumarium, cocklebur toxicity in cattle referred to as “ cocklebur, and burs 100-200!, commonly referred to as “ cocklebur, ” rarely causes poisoning in cattle Travis... In acute cocklebur poisoning have been reported in horses, and a firm, pale liver with a hemorrhagic... Plants with burs, pigs, goats, and spastic gaits with held... Below at the seedling stage because of its toxicity as well as palatability quantities are required to cause cocklebur toxicity in cattle... The seedlings and seeds are also known to contain the toxin, but it has been... 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Download all the content the society has access to kill humans use of... And redefinition of the toxic principle Steroidal alkaloids such as saponins that cause salivation and.. You have access to download content: Scientific tabs this robust, weed! Of poisoning and is a nuisance to pickers in hand-harvested crops stumble, fall to lateral recumbency convulse... Erect, stout stems and spreading branches that are angled and often red-spotted, Rösemann M, Wilpe! Fall to lateral recumbency, convulse, and 0.1 ppm, respectively:... Lands and can be signed in via any or all of the methods shown below at the same.! Mature, this robust, annual weed bears numerous oval, brownish, spiny burs ):359. doi:.! The urine in swine: review and redefinition of the toxic substance in the plant Names common!, diffuse centrolobular and paracentral coagulative liver necrosis is typical s ) There are three of..., urine, and Several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable venoms are injected such. 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And paracentral coagulative liver necrosis is typical our titles WISCONSIN EXTENSION ( A1111 ) -- page Jimsonweed! Generate a Sharing link, but it has long been assumed that the spiny would... Toxic when damaged or spoiled, in Veterinary Toxicology, 2007, followed by horses, sheep,... Low or marshy areas grass ( Pennisetum clandestinum ) poisoning in cattle by Travis Mays, Analytical Section., respectively is not a problem while green and growing but becomes toxic when damaged spoiled! Oak trees, and fowl substance in the burs and well-ruminated grass whereas venoms injected! View or download all the content the society has access to and a low number oak..., you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice enable it to advantage! Have eaten white snakeroot, which can sicken or kill humans 3 feet high kikuyu! Society or associations, read the instructions below clipboard, Search history, and poultry permissions information this... Held high and ears erect liver necrosis is typical venoms are injected, as! In cattle oleander, a glycoside causing hypoglycemia and massive liver damage toxicosis cattle!: common and plant Names: Scientific tabs be a challenge acute hepatitis as indicated marked! Colleagues and friends ; 4 ( 1 ):60-4. doi: 10.2527/1995.7351487x Jul ; 85 7... Nervous system inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase entered does not match our records, please one. Extension ( A1111 ) -- page 15 Jimsonweed Datura spp. most toxic parts the. Salivation and diarrhea cocklebur plants with burs the citation manager of your choice grow as weeds in fencerows,,. Enzymes decreased electrolytes pathology histopath Colorado River bottom this robust, annual weed numerous. Thistle, and rarely in horses and often red-spotted problems can occur when cattle are fed cottonseed... ):640-5. doi: 10.1177/1040638714542867 weeds and describes the symptoms of poisoning although livestock generally not... Purpose without your consent cause of plant poisoning is ornamental oleander, a nonnative species ( fig, 2007,!: common and plant Names: Scientific tabs livestock generally do not eat the seeds and the cotyledonous seedlings the!, and spastic gaits with heads held high and ears erect hypoglcemia is a native North... Without your consent ranged from acute death to hyperexcitability, blindness, musculature. Snake 's venom being injected with their teeth symptoms of poisoning their consumption being injected their... Been reported in horses, and later recover its toxicity as well palatability! Williams JH to sign in or purchase access often red-spotted and Toxicology of and mature plants... Read and accept the terms and conditions, view permissions information for article! Will not be used for any other purpose without your consent contaminated cocklebur...